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Ernest S. Han, M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope

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HPV Vaccines and Cervical Cancer Screenings Offer Prevention and Early Detection

09/18/2015 06:00AM | 76560 views

In the United States, we’re fortunate to have a relatively low incidence of cervical cancer. We have the medical technology and methodologies to screen patients for cervical cancer and even prevent it through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations and early detection of pre-cancerous states. Even so, cervical cancer rates could be even lower, especially in the Hispanic population where it still presents a serious problem. According to the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health: “The incidence of cervical cancer for Latina women in the United States is almost twice as high as non-Latina white women” and “Latina women have the 2nd highest mortality rate from cervical cancer.”

The reality is, despite the advances in medicine, there are still a lot of barriers to access. From financial and economic status to social and cultural issues, many reasons conspire to keep Hispanics from getting the screenings and vaccinations they need to treat and even prevent these cancers from occurring. On top of these factors, lack of educational efforts and outreach to the community means that the Hispanic community is not getting the message that screenings and vaccinations are even available – let alone information to help them get past cultural and other barriers.

What typically ends up happening is that the patient who doesn’t have a healthcare provider or regular gynecological examinations waits until they have symptoms, such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge or pain, before seeing a doctor. Unfortunately in some instances, the cancer is too far advanced and treatment is not going to be as successful as with someone in the early stages of the disease. It’s difficult to witness anyone in this highly preventable circumstance, but especially young women and mothers taking care of children, aging parents and other family members, as is often the case in the Hispanic community.  Many Latinas are so busy taking care of others, they forget or don’t have time to take care of themselves. Yet, the sooner the cancer is detected through screening, the earlier we can intervene and the more treatable the cancer will be.

In an ideal world, everyone would get the HPV vaccination to prevent this type of cancer in the first place. But in the real world, we see a lot of resistance from parents even when they learn about the vaccine and its role in cancer prevention, and as a result only a small fraction of girls – and boys who can be carriers of the virus – are getting vaccinated.

One big concern of parents is fear that the vaccination will harm their child in some way, making the perceived risk seem not worth the real benefits. This can be especially true in the Hispanic community, where people may trust stories they’ve heard from family and friends more than they do the medical establishment. But in truth, the vaccine is safe and poses no more risk than any other vaccination that we give to our children.

Another concern is the stigma associated with the vaccine, in that the HPV virus is passed through sexual intercourse. For many parents, sex is a taboo topic they want to delay as long as possible. They may think that giving their child the HPV vaccination is tantamount to giving them permission to have sex – not unlike the debate still going on about discussing condoms with them to prevent the spread of HIV and other STDs. It’s a myth that’s not substantiated, and in fact has been debunked by a recently published pediatric study (Risk Perceptions and Subsequent Sexual Behaviors After HPV Vaccination in Adolescents) that found no higher incidence of young people having sex after getting the vaccine.

Though it’s a tough topic to broach as a parent, it’s our role as parents to keep our kids healthy and safe. There aren’t too many actions we can take with guaranteed results, but making sure our children are properly vaccinated – including the HPV vaccine to prevent the development of certain cancers – is one of them.

Once there is awareness and the objections have been overcome, access can still be a barrier, especially if cost is an issue. The expansion of vaccination programs is one way we can help families below certain income levels get past this final hurdle. The changes in healthcare law that took effect this year may help in this regard, but it’s still too early to tell.

Once a patient is finally in the doctor’s office, my mantra is “educate as much as possible.” With Hispanic patients, who are very family-oriented and often bring other family members with them to their appointments, there is the opportunity to spend time educating others in addition to the patient. If the patient has been diagnosed with cervical cancer, you may be able to prevent it in the concerned daughter who accompanies the mother or other members of the extended family by educating them about risk factors and the availability of the HPV vaccine.

Even with patients who have other types of cancer, especially mothers with young children, I will ask them if they’ve had the vaccine or heard about it for their kids. Most will say no, and even though it’s harder to follow up with some patients and family members because they go to their own doctors, at least the seed has been planted and they have some awareness that they didn’t have before.

To sum up, here are the three most important take-aways about preventing, detecting and treating cervical cancer: 

  1. Get the HPV vaccine. This is the best action you, your children or anyone in your family can take to prevent cervical cancer or to keep precancerous cells from developing into cancer. Girls as young as 9 years old and women up to age 26 should be vaccinated – and boys too because they can harbor the virus and pass it on to others when they get older and become sexually active. There are also other health benefits (e.g., protection against genital warts), not to mention the peace of mind that comes from knowing you have done something to protect your health and that of your children.
     
  2. Get screened for cervical cancer. We don’t have the luxury to say this about ovarian and other gynecological cancers, where there is no screening test. Screening for cervical cancer is available and it’s one of the most effective things you can do for your health; getting a Pap smear should be just as common as getting a mammogram to look for breast cancer or a colonoscopy to look for colon cancer. Add it to your routine checkup and consult with your doctor about the latest guidelines and his or her recommendations about screening frequency.
     
  3. Take advantage of early detection and early treatment. If you find cervical cancers early enough, they are highly treatable and potentially curable. Not only that, but we are moving toward less invasive, fertility-sparing treatments and surgeries. Now more than ever, it is possible for patients who have been treated for cancer of the cervix to still bear children. But that means catching the disease in its precancerous state or early stage of development, which offers the best chance of successful treatment, recovery and survival. 

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