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Largest Study To Date of U.S. Hispanic Breast/Ovarian Cancer Confirms High Prevalence of BRCA Mutations

03/28/2014 09:46AM | 9633 views

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Hispanic women and the leading cause of cancer death. Although there is less incidence of breast cancer in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites, our initial studies on the prevalence of deleterious BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations suggest there may be a higher proportion of breast cancer in Hispanics – the fastest growing group in the United States, already comprising 15.1% of the population. 

Initially identified in a series of Mexican-American high-risk clinic patients, we and others have documented that a Jewish founder mutation in BRCA1 is a common mutation in Hispanics. We also discovered a unique mutation in BRCA1, not detectable by sequence tests, that is recurrent and appears to have arisen in Southern Mexico nearly 1,500 years ago. Other recurrent mutations among Hispanics were observed previously in Spain, suggesting Colonial Hispanic influences.

For patients that carry a BRCA mutation, the chance of developing breast cancer ranges from 57% to 85% (lifetime risk). Carriers also have a 20% to 50% risk for ovarian cancer. With the availability of effective screening, treatment, and risk reduction interventions, BRCA testing should be a standard-of-care for patients with a personal and/or family history suggesting an inherited risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. However, low-income, underinsured, and minority individuals – who have a significant burden of cancer – have limited access to genetic cancer risk assessment (GCRA). In addition, for Hispanics in particular, there is scant research specific to them, particularly in the area of genetic predisposition to breast cancer.

Because the exclusive BRCA testing vendor in the United States does not distinguish between Hispanics of Caribbean ancestry (individuals of Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban ancestry that predominate in the eastern United States) and those of Mexican and Central American ancestry (the predominant Hispanic population in the southwestern United States), we assembled two large cohorts of U.S. Hispanics with a focus on the latter group:

  1. a clinic-based cohort of patients referred for GCRA in the southwestern United States
  2. a cohort selected from a cancer registry population-based study

The goal was to determine the prevalence and type of BRCA mutations among Hispanics in the southwestern United States and the potential impact of translating those findings into ancestry-informed strategies for cost-effective GCRA.

 

Collecting the Details: Demographics and Cancer History

The City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network includes a cross-section of cancer center and community-based clinics, primarily in the southwestern United States, that provides GCRA to individuals with a personal or family history of cancer. All GCRA patients are invited to participate in a prospective Hereditary Cancer Registry at the time of consultation – and most do.

Between May 1998 and June 2010, 746 probands who self-reported as Hispanic, mostly from Mexico and Central America, were seen for GCRA; they enrolled in the registry and underwent clinical BRCA testing after informed consent.

Only one individual per family was included in our analyses, and participants with mixed ancestry were eligible only if pedigree analysis indicated that their Hispanic lineage was the likely origin of the familial cancer pattern. Blood samples, demographic data, and five-generation pedigrees were obtained, including reported ethnicity and country/state of origin for each grandparent’s lineage. Clinical details were obtained for relatives affected by breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer.

A bilingual cancer risk counselor or translator conducted GCRA sessions for Spanish-speaking patients, using adapted counseling aides and consent forms. BRCA gene analyses / genetic testing was offered to women in the clinic-based cohort who met National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria.

Among the 746 clinic-based probands, there were the following:

  • 590 with breast cancer;
  • 39 with ovarian cancer;
  • 20 with both breast cancer and ovarian cancer;
  • 97unaffected by either.

The average age of first breast cancer diagnosis was 40 years old. The majority of probands (582) reported Mexico as their grandparents' country of origin, followed by Central America (80), South America (36), Spain (35), and the Caribbean (13).

 

Analyzing the Results: BRCA Mutation Probability and Status 

To date, this is the largest study of Hispanic breast/ovarian cancer families in the United States. We confirmed a high prevalence of BRCA mutations (189, or 25% of the clinic-based patients) as well as a pattern of multiple recurrent mutations in the mostly Mexican-American population.

The persistence of village life and low rates of relocation among the Mexican population may account in part for ancestral patterns of recurrent mutations. Although this ancestry-driven pattern is evident in the immigrant Mexican-American population, acculturation and mixing with majority populations will likely diffuse the predictive value of a panel approach to testing.

Nevertheless, these findings suggest the potential for ancestry-informed genetic screening to be a cost-effective early detection and prevention strategy, and a Hispanic-specific BRCA panel is currently being evaluated. The BRCA mutation prevalence of 25% observed in our high-risk population study – which was higher than we expected – may be the closest approximation of the prevalence of the gene mutation in Hispanics who meet the criteria for BRCA testing. It suggests that BRCA mutations may account for a higher percentage of familial breast cancer in those of Mexican descent than other ethnic groups.

Future studies of the prevalence of BRCA mutations in other ethnic groups would conceivably strengthen this observation. Once validated, it may be appropriate to consider adjusting the threshold for recommending BRCA testing among Mexican-American Hispanics.

 

Final Thoughts

GCRA is a medical standard-of-care option for high-risk families and may identify individuals at increased risk for cancer before the onset of disease, when early detection or prevention strategies are most effective.

We previously demonstrated that there is interest in genetics and cancer prevention among underserved Hispanic patients in Los Angeles and that high-risk Hispanic women in an indigent care setting will attend clinic visits. Furthermore, culturally adapted GCRA protocols seem to be effective in promoting risk-appropriate follow-up behaviors.

Consequently, the cost-effectiveness of population-specific GCRA protocols and ancestry-informed genetic testing may be quite significant with the better allocation of health care resources for prevention and early detection of cancer in high-risk individuals – especially in populations where family size tends to be larger.

In this study of U.S. Hispanic breast/ovarian cancer families, we reported a high prevalence of BRCA mutations, many of which were recurrent, and a significant proportion of which were large rearrangements. Many of these women and their family members would potentially have been left unaware of their extraordinary risk – half of those with large rearrangement mutations did not meet the commercial vendor's criteria for automatic inclusion in comprehensive large rearrangement screening.

In addition to the possible higher prevalence of BRCA mutations in Mexican-Americans, probability models can also be influenced by incomplete family cancer history reporting – for example, because of limited family structure combined with limited family knowledge. Although formal assessment of multigenerational pedigrees was employed in this study, the depth of information about the extended family was sometimes partially limited because of separation from ancestors as part of an immigrant population or because of cultural influences regarding health communication.

Regardless of the factors influencing BRCA mutations, however, a higher prevalence affirms the need for better access to BRCA testing for Hispanics.

This article was co-authored by:

Jeffrey N. Weitzel, M.D., Professor and Chief, Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics at COH

Jessica Clague, Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor, Division of Cancer Etiology, CITP Faculty

Kathleen R. Blazer, Ed.D., CGC, Clinical Assistant Professor of Population Sciences

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